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Rather, it forwards requests for system services to the ordinary OS, and verifies the correctness of the responses. The runtime system does not provide system services itself. This trusted environment is maintained by a lightweight runtime system that coordinates the communication between applications and the ordinary OS running in the normal world. In the secure world, TrustShadow constructs a trusted execution environment for security-critical applications. TrustShadow takes advantage of ARM TrustZone technology and partitions resources into the secure and normal worlds. In this paper, we propose a new system, TrustShadow that shields legacy applications from untrusted OSes. Since the data stored and processed on the devices can be sensitive, left untackled, this is particularly disconcerting. Once they are exploited, attackers can access the data on these devices. However, commodity OSes are prone to compromise. This significantly improves efficiency and reduces the amount of data that needs to be transported to the cloud for data processing, analysis and storage. For example, devices on the edge of the Internet are provided with higher horsepower to be entrusted with storing, processing and analyzing data collected from IoT devices. A variety of applications now run simultaneously on an ARM-based processor. The rapid evolution of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies has led to an emerging need to make them smarter. We showed TrustShadow introduces only negligible overhead to real-world applications. To demonstrate the efficiency of this design, we prototyped TrustShadow on a real chip board with ARM TrustZone support, and evaluated its performance using both microbenchmarks and real-world applications.

The rapid evolution of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies has led to an emerging need to make it smarter. Our system is implemented and evaluated by modifying the Xen hyper- visor, showing that it increases the application execution time only by 3% for CPU and memory-intensive workloads.

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We also employ lazy synchronization to minimize overhead due to an update to one of the replicated page frame. We use page-frame replication to reduce the number of cryptographic operations by keeping decrypted versions of a page frame. To reduce the runtime overhead of the system, two optimization tech- niques are employed.

The main result of this system is the complete removal of the operating system from the trust base for user applications' data privacy. The hypervisor encrypts and decrypts each memory page requested de- pending on the application's access permission to the page.

Each page in virtual address space is rendered to user applications ac- cording to the security context the application is running in. This paper presents a novel way of using hypervisors to protect application data privacy even when the underlying operating system is not trustable. Aside from server applications, hypervisors are also becoming a popular target for implementing many security systems, since they provide a small and easy-to-secure trusted computing base. Hypervisors are increasingly utilized in modern computer systems, ranging from PCs to web servers and data centers.

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